Five stages of group development free essay sample

?Being in a gathering can be exceptionally helpful. Gatherings are incredible for conceptualizing, mingling, finishing assignments and numerous different reasons. Shaping the gathering however doesn’t simply occur. There are a few stages of correspondence that occur which incorporate framing stage, raging stage, norming stage, performing stage and suspending stage. In the framing stage, individuals are unsure about the structure, propose and administration of the gathering. The individuals from the gathering must speak with one another to provide the gathering guidance to help smooth out the vulnerability. The gathering proceeds onward to the following stage when the individuals consider themselves part of the gathering. The following stage is raging where struggle exists between part over who will control or lead the gathering. The raging stage is finished when the individuals have a generally away from of the hierarchal image of administration inside the gathering. The norming stage is the third stage. We will compose a custom article test on Five phases of gathering advancement or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is the place cozy connections create and the gathering structure gets one with the gathering individuals. After much correspondence, the individuals presently have a typical arrangement of desires for satisfactory part conduct. In the fourth stage the structure of the gathering is acknowledged by bunch individuals and is completely utilitarian. This is the performing stage. The gathering is presently playing out the job needing to be done. This is likewise the last stage for perpetual work gatherings. Gatherings that are transitory proceed onward to the last phase of suspending. In this stage, the gathering wraps things up and think back on what was practiced. Despite the fact that there are five phases in a gathering advancement, the gathering doesn’t must be in each in turn. The various stages aren’t consistently high contrast. A few phases can be performed at the same time. Once in a while, the gathering will relapse to past stages. Be that as it may, generally, the gathering advances to finishing the basic introductory objective/task. The gathering individuals don’t simply achieve the errand; they likewise structure magnificent fellowships among themselves. Without a lot of correspondence with every part, the gathering will never get to the following stage and completing the undertaking as a gathering will appear to be unthinkable.

Leadership In Business

Questions: This is a writing survey paper. Expound on the connection between Leadership with various components which bolstered by diaries articles. The subtleties are clarified as below:1. Connection among Leadership and Teamwork2. Connection among Leadership and Motivation3. Connection among Leadership and Management4. Connection among Leadership and Potential Answers: Connection among Leadership and Teamwork: The connection between the authority and the collaboration assumes a crucial job in deciding the business achievement. This improves the corporate to improve the probability of the staff which further drove the business towards supportability in general. The collaboration inside the corporate aides in the improved efficiency inside the working environment. This further aides in the pace of development of the corporate (Eagly et al. 2013). The connection between the administration and the cooperation helps the business association Singapore Airlines to improve the development pace of the business which further drove the corporate towards advancement in general. The pioneer between the business associations helps in improving the cooperation and further causes the Singapore Airlines to improve the profitability also (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). The collaboration to work proficiently require powerful and talented pioneer who may help in improving the key territories and subsequently hel p in the individual advancement too. The initiative aptitudes need to deal with the group capably which further drove the group towards improving the efficiency and development pace of the business all in all (Sosik et al. 2012). The initiative ability likewise needs to execute compelling promoting systems that further assistance the Singapore Airlines to give the best help towards the clients which include an incentive towards the brand situating of the business in the serious situation all in all. The initiative abilities likewise help to adjust the group the board which further causes the corporate to maintain a strategic distance from any debate inside the work environment too (Day and Antonakis 2012). Along these lines, the connection between the pioneer and the group should be straightforward to explain clashes and therefore to lead the business towards authoritative improvement all in all. The Singapore Airlines likewise assists with improving the probability and gifted representatives inside the working environment with viable execution of inspiration factors like prize and acknowledgment and further aides in a holding group too (Sosik et al. 2012). Connection among Leadership and Motivation: The connection between the authority styles and inspiration helps in the improvement of the capability of the workers and along these lines help in the authoritative improvement too. The persuasive elements help in the improvement of the representative conduct and further aides in the authoritative advancement also (Von Krogh et al. 2012). The viable execution of persuasive calculate helps expanding the profitability and accordingly further drove the organization towards improving the administration quality also. The Singapore Airlines executes human asset the executives which adequately helps in the inspiration of the representatives and aides in the improvement of the productivity pace of the business too (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). The inspiration helps in breaking down the exhibition of the representatives which helps in an examination of the development pace of the business corporate also. This further causes the business to increase upper hand and furthermore helps in extensio n of the corporate also (Vaccaro et al. 2012). The authority style comprises of two unique sorts involving authoritative and group who work for the inspiration of the group which helps in improving the general association also. The hierarchical pioneers likewise help in improving the representative aptitudes which further drove the business towards the improvement all in all. Herzbergs model of inspiration additionally causes the representative to get progressively inclined towards the Singapore Airlines regarding persuasive factors and aides in the improved possibility of the worker too (Sosik et al. 2012). The inspiration factor of Herzberg's incorporates two sorts of inspiration inborn and outward. The inherent inspiration incorporates the inspiration of the representative with respect to acknowledgment, prize, and accomplishment which helps in building up an enthusiasm of workers more towards the business. The extraneous assistance in the improvement of the working conditions which further aides in offering support towards the clients. This aides in increasing faithful clients more towards the corporate and aides in improving the pace of development of the corporate also (Day and Antonakis 2012). Connection among Leadership and Management: The effective pioneer inside the administration helps in driving the Singapore Airlines towards the improvement in the serious market. The successful authority likewise assists with improving the authoritative conduct that further aides in building up the development pace of the business all in all. The authority additionally helps in improving the possibility of the workers which helps in improving the administration quality all in all (Sadeghi and Pihie 2012). The administration to grow its business and furthermore to pick up consumer loyalty need to execute compelling initiative style that helps in the administration improvement also. In any case, the administration and the administration remain as unmistakable attributes for the authoritative achievement which further drove the Singapore Airlines towards improved probability and administration also. Both assume a significant job in deciding the corporate turn of events and aides in bringing down the turnover pace of the talented representatives too (Day and Antonakis 2012). The diverse authority style additionally helps in building up the hierarchical structure and along these lines helps in improving the client rate towards the corporate all in all. The initiative style additionally helps in impacting authoritative structure which further aides in persuading the staff too (Fiedler et al. 2012). The administration style additionally helps in the maintenance of the workers which further aides in the advancement of the development pace of the business in general. The distinctive administration style additionally encourages the business to increase quality efficiency of the cooperation that further improves the gainfulness of the business corporate also (Sosik et al. 2012). The transformational authority style likewise helps in making a worker mindfulness with respect to the administration of the Singapore Airlines which helps the business all in all to fulfill the client which include an incentive towards the business also. The transformational authority likewise helps in the expanded degree of inspiration and further aides in the improvement of the administration quality too (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). Along these lines, it encourages the business corporate to pick up advantage in the serious situation and aides in the manageability too. Connection among Leadership and Potential: The authority the executives helps in the expanded possibility of the workers which further aides in increasing progressively steadfast representatives towards the business all in all. The authority speculations help in the improved probability of the representatives which help in demonstrating best support of the clients too (Kelloway et al. 2012). The administration speculations hence help in picking up possibility which further aides in hierarchical accomplishment all in all. The successful Skills Theory encourages the business to build up the aptitudes and capacities of the representatives which further aides in the possibility of the corporate too. The Singapore Airlines additionally actualize Transformational hypothesis which helps in the inspiration of the representative that further aides in improving the development pace of the business and furthermore helps in building up the business pace of the corporate all in all (Judge and Piccolo 2012). Therefore, the initiative style depends on the authoritative conduct and subsequently, help the business in general to pick up the upper hand all in all. The administration style therefore causes the business to develop mindfulness towards the clients which further aides in building up the administration of the association too. The developing mindfulness additionally helps in the corporate towards increasing progressively steadfast clients towards the corporate also (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). The initiative style additionally helps in the triple main concern which causes the business corporate to improve the staff, clients, providers, speculators that further encourages the corporate to include an incentive towards the business all in all (Sosik et al. 2012). The business additionally helps in building up the probability and ability of the workers that helps in expanding the positive verbal exchange towards the clients too. This further aides in increasing progressively faithful cl ients and aides in increasing upper hand also (Fiedler et al. 2012). The initiative style hence further assists with improving the administration quality which further aides in holding of the gifted representatives also. The initiative speculations further assistance in the supportability of the organization all in all. Reference List: Day, D.V. also, Antonakis, J., 2012.The nature of administration. Savvy, 22(1), pp. 28-32. Eagly, A.H., Johannesen-Schmidt, M.C. also, Van Engen, M.L., 2013. Transformational, value-based, and free enterprise administration styles: a meta-examination contrasting ladies and men.Psychological bulletin,129(4), p.569. Fiedler, F.E., O'Brien, G.E. also, Ilgen, D.R., 2012. The impact of administration style upon the exhibition and change of volunteer groups working in effective outside environment.Human Relations, 12(1), pp. 45-52. Garca-Morales, V.J., Jimnez-Barrionuevo, M.M. also, Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L., 2012. Transformational administration impact on authoritative execution through hierarchical learning and innovation.Journal of Business Research,65(7), pp.1040-1050. Judge, T.A. furthermore, Piccolo, R.F., 2012. Transformational and value-based administration: a meta-investigative trial of their relative validity.Journal of applied brain science

Reasons I Dont Own a TV

Reasons I Dont Own a TV What? You Dont Own a TV? Why? Thats a question I get quite often. And the answer is simple: Because Id watch it. A lot. You see, I really enjoy television. Its easy to watch. Its passive. Its entertaining at times. And I dont have to do much work (unless you consider pushing the buttons on the remote to be work). But there are many other important things I can do with my life, and so the costs drastically outweigh the benefits Money. Sure, there are the monetary costs associated with television viewing. There is the TV itself, which can cost up to a few thousand dollars. I have a friend who has eight flatscreen TVs in his house (I shit you notâ€"he even has one in his master bathroom). Theres the monthly costs of cable or satellite (plus all the little extra fees for cable boxes, DVRs, HD service, premium channels, etc.). Theres the DVD or Blu-Ray rentals and  purchases, many of which we dont watch. (Come on, I bet youve done it before: youve rented a DVD just to return the unwatched movie a week later. Its okay, weve all done it before. The trick is to stop doing it!) And then theres all those fancy ancillary items we think we need: the surround-sound system, the Blu-Ray player, and dont even get me started on video games, thats an entirely differentâ€"and equally troublingâ€"story (I know grown men in their thirties who play video games more than five hours a day). But TV costs us a lot more than money Time. TV viewing robs us of our most precious asset: our time. Even with the Internet, the average person watches more than five hours of television a day. Thats 35 hours a week. Yikes! If you get rid of your TV, you can reclaim this time for yourself. Attention. TV robs us of our attention. Sometimes we think were multi-tasking  if were doing other thingsâ€"folding laundry, working on the computer, etc.â€"while were watching TV. Deep down we know this isnt true, though. We know that TV distracts us from our tasks, which causes us to either: a) take more time to complete the task (look, TV is robbing us of even more of our time), or b) it reduces the quality of what were working on (e.g., have you ever tried to write somethingâ€"a paper, an email, a work assignmentâ€"while watching TV and noticed that it just wasnt that good? Thats because we arent able to focus our attention on several things at once and still expect the same quality in our finished product.) Awareness. Awareness is the most precious kind of freedom. We should cherish it. But TV often makes us oblivious to the world around us. And thus, in a roundabout way, TV robs us of our freedom. Relationships. If youre watching TVâ€"especially if youre watching it aloneâ€"then you are taking away from your relationships with other peopleâ€"time in which you could contribute to others. Creativity. If we are constantly consuming, then we are not creating. Thus, TV has the ability to rob us of our creativity. Sure, watching TV is easy. But is it worth it? Thats the question you must ask yourself. Im not suggesting that you have to get rid of your TV to be a minimalist. You dont. But you always have options: Ryan disconnected his cable service during our journey into minimalism. He got rid of all his DVDs and video games, but he kept his TV. We still watch movies on that TV from time to time, which brings up another point If you get rid of your TV, like I did in 2009, you can schedule time to watch TV with other people. I dont do it often, but if I want to watch a program or a movie, I can watch it  at someone elses house, and afterward, we can discuss what we watched. Such planned viewing is far less passive and helps us  build and strengthen our  relationships, rather than take away from them. You can get the TV out of your bedroom. You can limit your viewing to one day a week. Schedule it and dont deviate from the schedule. Or, if you need to take baby steps, try to turn off your TV for one week. Unplug it and put it somewhere out of sight if you can. Or cover it with a sheet and make sure you dont turn it on for a week. So, if you get rid of your TV (or drastically reduce your viewing), what are you going to do with all your reclaimed time? The short answer is: you can do whatever you want. You can create something meaningful. You can exercise. You can focus on your relationships. You can contribute to other people in meaningful ways. Its liberating not to have a TV. Television sucks the life out of our lives. It takes our money, our time, our attention, our awareness, our freedom, our relationships, and our creativity. And in return it gives us a little entertainmentâ€"it pacifies us for the moment. For many of us, television our drug of choice. Additional  reading: Can I Get Him to Stop Watching TV?

My Career Plans As A Journalist - 1972 Words

Abstract This paper is to discuss my career plans as a journalist both here in the United States and around the world. I have decided to be a news reporter. First things first, I will describe what journalists do. By describing the different roles, this paper will be addressing tasks and work environment of journalists. After that, I will give a synopsis about working in the media. I will explain my career goals and explain the history of journalism. It will further explain reasons why I have chosen to be a journalist. Next, I will list all the necessary requirements on what its takes to be successful in this field. These requirements will include education, experience, and secondary activities. I will elaborate on the experiences I have so far. Additionally, I will provide other information on courses that one can take to achieve that success; such as the best schools to attend, majors and minors that would further help them on this road to become a successful news journalist. Then , I will discuss the median pay statistics. My personal plan will include what I want as a journalist after graduation. I will also explain how I believe the media can help change their viewer’s minds when reporting on Africa. Lastly, I will state my backup plan(s) if new life events send me on a different path to prolong my career goal. I will close with my final thoughts on my career and how becoming an established news journalist have not been easy, but if I continue to keep my mind on theShow MoreRelatedThe Journalism And Strategic Communications Careers935 Words   |  4 Pagesto the audience. Unfortunately, my dream did not become a reality when I had to choose a career in business. Until taking this class, my knowledge about journalism was very limited. However, I am glad that I have a chance to explore a vast area of careers in journalism area. Since I am specifically interested in business, a career in business reporting sparked my interest among other journalism an d strategic communications careers. I particularly explored a career of Jim Hammerand, an alumni of theRead MoreThe World with Journalism1148 Words   |  5 PagesCareer Research Project - Essay Without journalism, we would not be living the life we have today. At the end of the 20th Century there was a poll on what was the greatest invention of the last millennium. The top invention was the printing press invented by Guttenberg. The reason for the selection was the written word preserved knowledge. Prior to this everything we learned was passed by word of mouth. Many disasters and disease caused knowledge to be lost. Essentially mankind had to relearnRead MoreIs This Real Life : The Untold Story Of Queen1614 Words   |  7 PagesBlake, Mark. â€Å"Is This the Real Life: The Untold Story of Queen.† PopMatters, PopMatters, 31 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Oct. 2016. Mark Blake is a musical journalist and writer who has been writing since 1989. He has written for Q, the music magazine Mojo, The Times, and other well-known musical publications as well as written three books of his own. His book â€Å"Is This Real Life: The Untold Story of Queen† was published in 2010 by Aurum Press Limited and addresses the life of the four members of Queen whileRead MoreThe Role Of Diversity And Its Role For Journalism835 Words   |  4 Pageshighlighted the divisions within the Republican Party but the junket also revealed the disparity as to who gets to tell the story of his bid for the Whitehouse. Aside from Trump’s well-publicized spat with the news anchor Jorge Ramos; it’s apparent the journalists assigned to covering the Trump campaign have not been representative of the country’s population at-large. While they’ve done a great job covering many aspects of his campaign, it’s not the full story. Trump’s visit to Mexico also illustratesRead MoreThe Effects Of Term Diversity On Journalism756 Words   |  4 Pageshighlighted the divisions within the Republican Party but the junket also revealed the disparity as to who gets to tell the story of his bid for the Whitehouse. Aside from Trump’s well-publicized spat with the news anchor Jorge Ramos; it’s apparent the journalists assigned to covering the Trump campaign have not been representative of the country’s population at-large. While they’ve done a great job covering many aspects of his campaign, it’s not the full story. Trump’s visit to Mexico also illustratesRead MoreDebt Is Not Only A Sum Of Money Owed For Money1626 Words   |  7 Pagesstability of multiple individuals who day by day find themselves consumed in debt. In my case, debt would either be a factor I will be afraid of or an obstacle I must be willing to overcome. As I am growing older and becoming an adult, life decisions are coming along my path and I must commence fulfilling my dreams. During my high school years, I was devoted to my studies in pursuit of an exceptional outcome. My hard work and determination were recognized with a letter. Since, I always proved toRead MoreMisunderstanding The Nature Of Company Performance : The Halo Effect And Other Business Delusions1148 Words   |  5 Pagesover the years, and the strengths and weaknesses of the types of data used will be discussed. The Halo Effect will be evaluated, and examples from my career will be given to help with understanding the topic at hand. I will give thoughts, ideas, and solutions I plan to adapt and work on in my career to help avoid the Halo Effect in my daily life and career. â€Æ' Results of the Halo Effect The Case Summary You cannot always believe what you hear and read. Phil Rosenzweig has shown many examples of dataRead MoreCollege Writing Importance715 Words   |  3 Pageswriting in college so important? College writing is a needed necessity in college, and for your future career because most careers require writing or documenting to be done. Not only is it important for everyone’s career but it is especially important for my future in the psychology department. As I explored this question myself, I found it helpful to ask my peers what their thoughts are. My mom has been a teacher and has worked in a school district for 22 years, she gave me her thoughts when IRead MorePr Manager, Kpmg Uk, London.1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmost of my time in B2B and technology PR. Over the past three years, I have worked in a busy press office for a leading professional services firm dealing, on a daily basis, with a range of journalists, both proactively and reactively. 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Cathode Definition and Identification Tips

The cathode is the electrode from which electrical current departs. The other electrode is named the anode. Keep in mind, the conventional definition of current describes the direction a positive electric charge moves, while most of the time electrons are true current carries. This can be confusing, so the mnenomic CCD for cathode current departs may help reinforce the definition. Usually, current departs in the direction opposite electron movement. The word cathode was coined in 1834 by William Whewell. It comes from the Greek word kathodos, which means way down or descent and refers to the setting sun. Michael Faraday had consulted Whewell for name ideas for a paper he was writing on electrolysis. Faraday explains electric current in an electrolytic cell moves through the electrolyte from East to West, or, which will strengthen to help the memory, that in which the sun appears to move. In an electrolytic cell, the current leaves the electrolyte on the west side (moving outward). Prior to this, Faraday had proposed the term exode, discarding dysiode, westode, and occiode. In Faradays time, the electron had not been discovered. In the modern era, one way to associate the name with current is to think of a cathode as the way down for electrons into a cell. Is the Cathode Positive or Negative? The polarity of the cathode with respect to the anode may be positive or negative. In an electrochemical cell, the  cathode is the electrode at which reduction occurs. Cations are attracted to the cathode. Generally, the cathode is the negative electrode in an electrolytic cell undergoing electrolysis or in a recharging battery. In a discharging battery or a galvanic cell, the cathode is the positive terminal. In this situation, positive ions move from the electrolyte toward the positive cathode, while electrons move inward toward the cathode. The movement of electrons towards the cathode (which carry a negative charge) means current departs from the cathode (positive charge). So, for the Daniell galvanic cell, the copper electrode is the cathode and the positive terminal. If current is reversed in a Daniell cell, an electrolytic cell is produced, and the copper electrode remains the positive terminal, yet becomes the anode. In a vacuum tube or cathode ray tube, the cathode is the negative terminal. This is where electrons enter the device and continue into the tube. A positive current flows out from the device. In a diode, the cathode is indicated by the pointed end of an arrow symbol. It is the negative terminal from which current flows. Even though current may flow in both directions through a diode, naming is always based on the direction in which current flows most easily. Mnemonics  to Remember the Cathode in Chemistry In addition to the CCD mnemonic, there are other mnemonics to help identify the cathode in chemistry: AnOx Red Cat stands for oxidation at the anode and reduction at the cathode.The words cathode and reduction both contain the letter c. Reduction occurs at the cathode.It may help to associate the cat in cation as acceptor and an in anion as donor. Related Terms In electrochemistry, the cathodic current describes the flow of electron from the cathode into solution. The anodic current is the flow of electrons from solution into the anode.

Review sheet Free Essays

Infrastructure such as roads and electricity Is only completed In some areas. What’s a â€Å"growth pole†? An urban center targeted for development of key economic and social infrastructure to promote regional economic development ( roads, electric grids, schools, markets, and medical facilities) Brazil Chapters 13 15 What are the historical, economic, and cultural factors which make Brazier’s Atlantic coastal plain region different from the rest of modern-day Brazil? From where and why did Brazil move its capital to Brasilia in the sass? Strategic reasons: ROI De Jeanine is on the coastline and they wanted to move the capital inland n case of an Invasion. It Is much easier to defend a capital Inland because you have more time to prepare versus a capital that Is on the shore. We will write a custom essay sample on Review sheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now – to Develop the heart of Brazil. Until the construction of Brasilia, there wasn’t anything there. The central region of Brazil was totally undeveloped as the population lived mostly along the coastline. They figure that if they moved the capital inland, people would move there and develop that area. They were proved right! Fact shaped the social economic geography of the region? â€Å"backwoods† lots of drought, rolling hills, mountainous Be able to locate the areas of Brazil in which populations are either mostly European or African (in terms of origins) the majority European population is in the far south Brazier’s recent foreign policy has been to promote a â€Å"polytechnic world† – what does that mean? IA world n which one or two countries cannot dominate global affairs (as was the case during the Cold War). What is the nature of U. S-Brazil relations? Latin American Socio-Economic Development Chapter 16 What’s the difference between Rosters â€Å"Stages of Economic Development† and the Dependency Theory proposed by Latin American economists? Roosts: Says that they are poor because they are not fully integrated into the global economy. Dependency theory: Argues that countries are poor because of how they were integrated into the world economy. Are there any geographic patterns to development in Latin America? If so, what are they? What might be the explanations for these patterns? What’s the difference (in terms of advantages weaknesses) between the â€Å"import- substitution† model of economic development and the â€Å"export-led growth† model? [also discussed in Chapter 18] Import-substitution: a country should attempt to develop as much of its industrial opacity as possible internally, without depending on foreign imports +: creates Jobs, protectionism -: protectionism leads to dynamic inefficiency; domestic producers have no incentive from foreign competitors to reduce costs or improve products; impedes growth through poor allocation of resources; effect on exchange rates harms exports. Export-led growth: a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrialization process of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage -: less economic diversification; subsidies for specific industries runs a risk of encouraging the wrong industries What are â€Å"the Washington Consensus† and â€Å"structural adjustment plans† and how are they related? A set of free market economic ideas, supported by economists and international organizations, like the MIFF, the World Bank, the EX. and the US; advocates free trade, floating exchange rates, free markets and macroeconomic stability. What is meant by internal regional differentiation (in terms of development)? In particular country are greater than between countries; Mexico and Brazil The Pampas ( Southern Cone) Chapter 17 Where are the Pampas? (be able to locate) Why is Buenos Aries often referred to as the â€Å"Paris of South America†? It’s architecture is influenced by European architecture and rich European heritage In which ways is urban primacy evident in the Southern Cone (Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay)? Argentina: Buenos Aries Chile: Santiago Paraguay: Asuncion Uruguay: Montevideo Which technological advancements changed the agricultural economy of the pampas and Argentina in general? What are the physical and human geography factors behind the robust wine industries in Chile and Argentina? Latin America and the Global Economy Chapter 18 What are some of the problems associated with dependency on a few primary commodity exports? How does Chile’s physical geography location provide it comparative advantage in the export of agricultural products? Many countries in South America are dependent on commodities and looking toward â€Å"economic diversification. † In which ways can â€Å"diversification† be understood? Numerous vs.. FETA What is going on here in the competition between these two visions of free trade in the Americas? What is the role of China in the Latin American economic boom of the sass? How does Latin America’s growing middle class further integrate the region into the global economy? The Amazon Basin is what type of physical feature? Which 5 countries have significant land area in the basin? What are some reasons why there is global interest in protecting the Amazon rainforest’s? What are the main drivers of deforestation in the Amazon Basin? What were some of the resource booms of the past which affected natural and human systems in the Amazon? What have been the primary objectives of Brazilian government projects in the Amazon region (e. G. March to the West†, growth poles, road building)? Latin American Diaspora – Chapter 20 What are terms used to describe the Latin American Diaspora in the U. S.? How have these terms caused confusion? Hispanic- most widely used in the eastern US states; Latino- most widely used in the West and Midwest of the US Chicane- a term used by Mexican political activists; lots of Aztec and messiest pride associated with this term Hispanic- used by the Spanish speaking natives of the Upper ROI Grandee Valley in New Mexico and Colorado. Which areas in the U. S. Are home to large Latin American populations – and why? Typically the southwestern US is home to large Mexican populations, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, California, New York, Florida, Illinois have the largest Hispanic population stretching from Texas to California. They settled in the areas that once used to be a part of Mexico. Mexican workers and immigrants also reached the Midwest in small numbers. Areas with Jobs in agriculture, manufacturing, construction work To which other countries have Latin Americans tended to migrate – and why? Spain, Italy ,UK, Germany, Portugal From Student Presentations Cooling Christian’s presentation – who were the Sandiness and why did the U. S oppose them? Sandiness: a social democratic political party in Nicaragua; the U. S opposed them because they were afraid that they were going to become a Cuban- style communist government allied and Reagan wanted to prevent the spread of Eric Dodson presentation – What were the San Andrea Accords and what did they promise and to whom? San Andrea Accords: Allowed indigenous people to have the right to self-determination of an autonomous government, full access to Justice, representation in politics, increased employment opportunities, and the promotion of culture and education. Mike Kennedy’s presentation – Why does the Quiches language struggle for status domain even in countries such as Bolivia and Peru? The Quiches language has to compete with Spanish language which is seen as a vehicle for upward social mobility. Rural to urban migration has also caused many to stop speaking the language Low prestige of the language and stigma surrounding Quiches also prevents people from speaking the language The domain of the language has been reduced to rural Andean villages and the homes of native speakers, there are few places in public and urban settings where the language is spoken Alice Millard – Why/How might the U. S. Trade embargo on Cuba been seen as a positive situation? It has forced Cuba to become self-reliant and invest in their own healthcare and pharmaceutical industries since it was not allowed to but American medical equipment or use American drug patents. – It also opened up more markets for Cuba to sell its cash crops to since American refused to import their goods. Ron Trumann – What is the Panatela and why is it important? One of the most immense and bio logically rich environments on the planet Wetlands provide countless economic, ecological, cultural, recreational and aesthetic values Concentrated and diverse flora and fauna Cumulative (from Exams 1 2) Why is Latin America considered a region? Which countries in Middle South America are often excluded from the region and why? To what do the terms messiest and mulatto refer? Where were the two main Meridian cultural hearths? What is a cultural hearth? How did the Incas (as well as modern-day Andean peoples) utilize latitudinal conation in food production? What were/are the impacts of the Columbian Exchange? What basic patterns (physical and social) did the Law of the Indies establish in terms f city planning in colonial Spanish America? What was the one fundamental difference between western Europeans and indigenous Americans in their understandings of land and its value? In which ways are haciendas and plantations distinct forms of latitudinal? What are masqueraders and what explains their geographical distribution? masqueraders are manufacturing plants that are typically located near the US-Mexico border. Their close proximity to the border helps reduce transportation cost to send the finished products to the US, which is their biggest consumer. What tectonic process has/is creating the Andes? What cultural and economic role does coca have in the Andean region, especially Bolivia? Why did population projections for Latin America made in the sass end up incorrect? They didn’t take into account the changes in healthcare and the economy. Birth control was introduced to the population which helped to reduce births and population. What makes an Meridian a â€Å"decent† or â€Å"reasonable† person (gent decent or gent De razz ¶n) in the minds of many Latin Americans? The economies of Central American countries traditionally have been dependent on †¦? What is CAFTAN and how has it changed Central American economies? 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Cyber Resilience Assessment Report †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Cyber Resilience Assessment Report. Answer: Introduction: The government of Australia mainly focuses on transforming the country from its dependency on the resource sector to a new economy which is service led and rely on the intellectual capital. Therefore, Australian organizations increase their investments in digital technologies. With the increasing trend of digital economy, risk related to cyber-attack is also increased and it runs through every part of the organization. It is not possible for the company to win its digital battle if organizations of the country are not cyber resilient. A free and open internet is considered as critical factor in driving the digital economy. Open internet introduce various new challenges for those organization which required protection from the new threat of the cyber-attack. Therefore, awareness related to the risk imposed by cyber-crime is increasing in the organizations of Australia. However, there are number of organizations which are not prepared for cyber-attack and some recent incidents such as Wanna Cry ransom ware attack put the focus of the government on effective IT security. Dan Tehan, Australian Minister Assisting the Prime Minister of Australia on Cyber Security states that cyber-crime can be considered as number one threat faced by the Australian organizations, and cost in the context of this issue is almost $ 1 billion in one year to the economy of Australia, and it is necessary for business organizations to be aware that this threat is evolving in the roots of business community. Therefore, it becomes necessary for organization to be cyber resilience and cyber resilience means ability of organization to resist, react, and recover the cyber threats and also ensure environment in which organization can conduct their cyber operation in effective manner. Those organizations which are cyber resilient do not use traditional technologies and methodologies for avoiding cyber threats. For this purpose, organizations are transforming their capabilities through advanced technologies so that they use the information in better way and avoid cyber-crimes (North, 2017). Various methods are used by the organizations for getting advantage over other organizations and cyber criminals. Cyber criminals are considered as those criminals who can use any situations such as natural disaster and temporary disruptions for achieving their goals. It is necessary for organizations to become cyber resilient for achieving their long term goals and addressing the issues related to cyber threat. These attacks are not easy to handle and solutions for responding these attacks are not easy (EY, 2014). In this report importance of resilience is not described, but methods through which organizations can become resilient are described. Statistics related to Cyber Resilience: Research Company IDC recently issued Maturity Scape Benchmark report in relation to IT security, and as per this report almost 60% of Australian businesses still working with basic approach towards the cyber-crime because of which they find themselves challenged if they become target of any cyber-attack. As per the analyst of IDC, corporate awareness has been strengthen because of the recent incidents, but still organizations of Australia lack in the context of IT security. She further stated that Australian organizations lack of internal skills which are required in the context of cyber security, because of which services related to IT security are not managed. As per the security experts government and private sector both play important role in improving the cyber security readiness (Grayson, 2017). In 2016, Federal government introduce national cyber security strategy, which states 33 initiatives together worth $231 million and it was considered as positive move by the government. Executive of IBM security solutions, John Vine encourage the establishment of cyber security center, but he also states that it is necessary for organizations to play their role more seriously for meeting this challenge. In other words, it is very necessary for organizations to understand the event occurred in one organization so that they can prevent similar happening in their organization. It is necessary for us to learn from each others mistake so that we can improve our position in IT security. Therefore, it becomes important for companies to understand that cyber security is not something which is only handled by IT department, because assigning the task related IT security to the team of technicians is not the actual solution of this problem. Almost 5 million peoples are affected by cyber-attacks in Australia, and this number is increasing with the passing days. As per the survey conducted by Australian Cyber Security Centres, it is shown that 90% of the Australian organizations face some kind of cyber security issues during the period of 2015-16 financial years. Some high profile cyber-attacks attract the focus of government and organizations on cyber security such as hack of yahoo. This attack was considered as the most costly attacks. When announcement related to US $4.83 billion deal acquisition of the firm, was made by the Verizon then after that yahoo revealed that some years before it was become the target of massive cyber-attack which result in breach of privacy of more than 1 billion accounts. This result in reopening of the negotiations and lastly purchased price was dropped by the yahoo related to that deal by US $350 million. Some Australian organizations recognize this threat and make investments in cyber resilience, but numbers of these organizations are very less. However, maximum organizations are there which put the cyber security on second preference (CERT, 2014). Handling cyber risk: It becomes important for the organization to understand the cyber eco system in their organization, so that they can manage the risk related to the cyber-attack. Approaches of organization towards the IT security is completely changed, and now organizations not only focus on their security but also address the issues related to the security of their stakeholders. For this purpose, various steps are conducted by organizations and some of these steps are stated below: Mapping the relationships- as per this, organization analyzes and reviews its position in the cyber-system, and for analyzing their position organization considered its external and internal requirements. Organization must determine its crucial data and information which needs to be protected, and focus on the security of that information rather than protecting the complete information. Crucial information is the information which is necessary for the growth and survival of the business. Security limit- security limit must be stated by the organization, and as per this limit organization share its information with trusted organizations and authorities only. In other words, protocols and standards are stated under the security limit for the purpose of sharing the information with other organizations. Risk assessment- risk assessment in relation to cyber security must be conducted by the organization by analyzing the information assets, dependency of organization on other institutions, threats, etc. (ASIC, 2016; OECD, 2012). Role of Board: Board of directors of the company are obliged to help the management in tackling the cyber risk, and for this purpose strategy can be framed by the board which provide broader view point. This responsibility is encouraged by the directors, and as per one report 90% of directors states that their college considered the cyber risk on serious note (ASX, 2017). It must be noted that board or any committee of the board is directly responsible for holding the management on this matter, and for this purpose it is necessary for board to understand and evaluate: Cyber risk which can be faced by the organization. Current risk tolerance power of the organization in the context of organization strategy. Considered risk management strategy which directly address these issues. Must implement the risk actions and recommendations made by the executive team in this context. Other actions which deal with the issue of cyber-crime. Cyber resilience initiatives in Australia: For the purpose of becoming cyber resilient, it is necessary for the organization to develop such strategies which integrate cyber risk and focus on being cyber resilient. For making such strategies, organizations can consider different standards and methodologies which are introduced by the government of Australia. Government of Australia initiated various processes through which cyber resilience activities of the organization are reviewed and updated by the department. However, these developed strategies mainly focus on the collaboration of different agencies and industries. Some of these strategies, plans, and methodologies are stated below: National plan for reducing crime- in 2013, government of Australia develop national plan for reducing the cyber-crime, and this plan states the commitments on the part of the commonwealth, state and territory governments for the purpose of increasing collaboration with each-other and addressing the threat of cyber-crime. Under this plan, almost 6 important areas are addressed by the government of Australia and government mainly focuses on these areas while framing their strategies. All these six areas are stated below: Education related to the cyber-crime must be provided to the community for ensuring the communitys protection. Government and agencies must collaborate with the industries for the purpose of solving this issue. Approach related to Intelligence led and information sharing is encouraged by the government. Efficiency and effectiveness of the agencies are increased and government mainly focuses on the area of law enforcement. Government must focus on the matters of cyber-crime, and address these issues at international level. Government must develop framework related to criminal justice. ACORN- Australian government develop ACORN at national level in the year 2014, and it is considered as the online system which provide secure way to the general public and organizations for reporting the issues related to cyber-crime. National plan considered this system important because it was designed for making the things simple in the context of reporting, and this system also recognizes the impact of cyber-crime on citizens of Australia. ACSC- ACSC was initiated by the government in the same year in which ACORN was introduced and that was in the year 2014. This window was introduced for the purpose of bring the law enforcement defense, and security capabilities related to the cyber security under the single window. It must be noted that ACSC ensures collaboration between different agencies. Following are the functions of ACSC: ACSC is authorized to resolve the issues related to the cyber security on behalf of the Australian government. It helps in developing the collaboration in relation to operations and capabilities between different agencies. ACSC is authorized to invest the matter related to the cyber-attack. Must conduct programs for encouraging the public and organizations to report the matter related to cyber security. Must publish reports on the extent of cyber threat. Awareness in terms of the cyber security must be raised by the government. Above mentioned objectives can be achieved by the ACSC, by collaborate the functions and powers of various authorities stated below: ASDs mission related to the cyber security. Team of national computer emergency response that is CERT. Members who represent the Australian Federal Police. For understanding the cyber threat intelligence, Australian crime commission. Person who conduct specialization under cyber investigations and telecommunication security, and member of the Security Intelligence Organization in Australia. Analysts from Defense Intelligence Organization and Defense Science and Technology Organization for analyzing the cyber threat (AISC, 2015; ASIC, 2016). NIST Cyber security Framework- this framework is developed by ASIC for the regulated population. This framework is relevant for the financial service providers which operate their business in a global environment. Generally, this framework is adopted by the critical infrastructure providers in the United States. It is considered as the global benchmark for the financial market. NIST is supported by both the organizations that are American Bankers Association and the American Insurance Association. It enables the organization to apply existing methodologies and standards. This framework does not introduce any new standards and concepts, but instead of that it encourage existing methodologies and standards related to global security and IT governance (ASIC, 2016). Recommendations: Some recommendations are stated below, and these recommendations are given after considering the laws of other countries. Board of directors of the company can adopt these principles for the purpose of holding their management in the terms of the cyber resilience. With the help of these recommendations, organizations can integrate cyber risk and resilience in their business strategy and ensures growth and profitability. Some of these principles are stated below which must be adopted by the board of directors for preventing cyber-attacks in their organization: It is the duty of the board of directors to ensure the oversight of cyber security. Education related to cyber security and cyber resilience must be provided to all the directors of the company. It is necessary to make one corporate officer accountable for the cyber security of the organization. Board of directors must conduct programs for updating the knowledge related to the cyber resilience. Risk assessment must be conducted by the board of directors on continues basis. Risk tolerance power must be described by the board. Management of the company must be held accountable in case of any breach of cyber security. Board of directors of the organization must encourage the inclusion of the stakeholders. Cyber resilience must be discussed in the annual report of the company. Plans related to cyber resilience must be reviewed by board on continuous basis. Review of the performance of the board in the context of cyber resilience must be conducted by board itself. It is necessary for organization to consider these recommendations, and implement above stated principles in day to day activities of the board. Conclusion: After considering the above facts, it is clear that cyber resilience is very important for organizations to survive in this digital world. This report states the role of board and management in dealing with the issues of cyber resilience. In this report, various options are suggested which help the organization in dealing with cyber-crimes in more effective way. References: ASIC, (2015). Cyber resilience: Health check. Viewed at: https://download.asic.gov.au/media/3062900/rep429-published-19-march-2015-1.pdf. Accessed on 28th August 2017. ASIC, (2016). Embedding cyber resilience within company culture. Viewed at: https://asic.gov.au/regulatory-resources/markets/resources-on-markets/markets-articles-by-asic/embedding-cyber-resilience-within-company-culture/. Accessed on 28th August 2017. ASIC, (2016). ASICS corporate plan 201516 to 201819. Viewed at: https://download.asic.gov.au/media/3338908/corporate-plan-2015_published-31-august-2015.pdf. Accessed on 28th August 2017. ASIC, (2016). Building resilience: The challenge of cyber risk. Viewed at: https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/speeches/building-resilience-the-challenge-of-cyber-risk/. Accessed on 28th August 2017. ASIC, (2016). Cyber resilience assessment report: ASX Group and Chi-X Australia Pty Ltd. Viewed at: https://www.asic.gov.au/media/3563866/rep-468-published-7-march-2016.pdf?utm_source=report-468utm_medium=landing-pageutm_campaign=pdfdownload. Accessed on 28th August 2017. ASX, (2017). Capturing the opportunities while managing the threats. viewed at: https://www.asx.com.au/documents/investor-relations/ASX-100-Cyber-Health-Check-Report.pdf?ecid=O~C~~~~asx-100-cyber-health-check-report~ASX~~201704~~. Accessed on 29th August 2017. CERT, (2014). National Cybersecurity Strategy. Viewed at: https://cert.gov.ng/images/uploads/NATIONAL_CYBESECURITY_STRATEGY.pdf. Accessed on 29th August 2017. EY, (2014). Achieving resilience in the cyber ecosystem. Viewed at: https://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/cyber_ecosystem/$FILE/EY-Insights_on_GRC_Cyber_ecosystem.pdf. Accessed on 29th August 2017. Grayson, I. (2017). Cyber resilience. Viewed at: https://www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-documents/ACS%20-%20Cyber%20Resilience%20Special%20Report%20-%2021.06.pdf. Accessed on 29th August 2017. North, J. (2017). Cyber Resilience: The Role of the General Counsel. Viewed at: https://www.corrs.com.au/thinking/insights/cyber-resilience-the-role-of-the-general-counsel/. Accessed on 29th August 2017. OECD, (2012). Cyber security policy making At a turning point. Viewed at: https://www.oecd.org/sti/ieconomy/cybersecurity%20policy%20making.pdf. Accessed on 28th August 2017. WEF, (2017). Advancing Cyber Resilience Principles and Tools for Boards. Viewed at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/IP/2017/Adv_Cyber_Resilience_Principles-Tools.pdf. Accessed on 29th August 2017.

Kotak rtgs neft free essay sample

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buy custom General Motors and Ford Motor essay

buy custom General Motors and Ford Motor essay In Business 300 Career Research Project, I chose General Motors and Ford Motor because I am quite familiar to Michigan state and the fact that its the headquarter of both companies and because of my love for automobiles. General motors is situated in Detroit at Michigan 300 Renaissance Center. Ford motor is situated in Dearborn, Michigan in at One American road. As per the business week; General motors was founded in 1908 and the latest report dated on 9 September 2011 indicated that the company had about 210,000 employees. Ford motor was founded in 1903 and the latest report dating back to 28 February 2011 showed that the company had a rough estimate of 164,000 employees. In the Fortune magazines 2011 fortune 500, General Motors was ranked number 8 and number 15 in the previous ranking. Its current C.E.O is Daniel Akerson. Ford Motor was ranked as number 10 in Fortunes Magazines 2011 Fortune 500. In the previous year, it had been ranked at number 8. Fords C.E.O is Alan Mulally. In t he Forbes Magazines global 2000 leading companies, General Motors was ranked at number 61. In sales volume, it was number 18, number 70 in terms of profit gain, number 155 in terms of assets and number 148 in terms of market value. Its counterpart, the Ford Motor was ranked at number 54. Number 24 in terms of sales, number 63 in terms of profit, number 140 in terms of assets and number 126 in terms of market value. In terms of wages and salaries, the hourly pay entry level of new workers is $14 while for the veteran is $28. A recently signed four year labor contract advocated for a rise by $2 to $3. An assembly line worker receives median $27 while an auto Industry Engineer receives a roughly figure of median $37. Fords hourly workers include assembly line workers who make a median $28, mechanics earn $16, maintenance electricians make $33, tool and die maker make $32. For Salaried employees, service managers earn $42,180 per year, mechanical engineers receive $84,965, manufacturing engineers make $80,000 and product development engineers are paid $74,008. Career advancement from both companies involves the process of climbingup the corporate ladder until one reaches the highest possible level. It basically involves the beginning of ones career all the way to ones retirement. In both companies, career advancement calls for experience, acquisition of educational certifications and qualifications , recognitions, family life, career shift or career growth. The corporate structure of General Motors is made up of board of trustees and the officers of the foundation. The Board is made of the chairman who is the C.E.O of General Motors Corporation, the headquarters. Other branches of the company are headed by the Presidents who also constitute the Board. Officers of the foundation, the headquarter; include the chairman, the president, vice presidents, secretary, treasurer and the tax officer. Corporate structure of Ford motors consist of the C.E.O who is the chairman of the board together with his directors who heads all the other branches. Then there is the Chief Financial Officer and Chief Information Officer. Ford Company has a corporate culture of getting involved in humanitarian events like the Rouge Rover clean-up and Habitat for Humanity, it is religion friendly and respects diversity. Corporate culture of General Motors is exemplified by General motors Foundation which gives financial support to American Red Cross. Education requirements at General Motors require all the applicants to have a high school diploma. To work on General Motors cars and parts requires a person to have enrolled in a General Motors auto Services Educational Program. This curriculum focuses on Maths, English and Electronics before proceeding to technical training. This program is mostly taught in community colleges. Ford Motors designs a curriculum called SCCs Ford Automotive Student Service Educational Training Program. This program provides training to students and it runs for two years leading to an associate degree and finally an employment. As per the Forbes magazine, Fords ratios and returns place the companys profit margin at 5.10%, operating margin at 8.70 and return on equity at 0.28. General Motors Ration and returns indicate that the companys profit margin is 6.60, operating margin is 8.70 and return on equity is 28.70. Both companies are involved in manufacture of automobiles and operations of Financial Services .They are located in the same state in the U.S. In year 2011s fortune 500, both companies appeared in the top ten ranking and top 100 in Forbes Magazines global 2000 leading companies. Both companies offers their curriculum to students who desire to work for them .Factors facilitating career advancement are the same in both companies as well as their involvement in humanitarian projects. However, the two companies have different corporate structures. All other branches of General Motors are headed by the Presidents while all the other branches of Ford Motor are headed by Directors. General Motors requires an applicant to have a high school diploma while Ford Motor requires an associate degree. The advantage of working foe General Motors and Ford Motors is that they pays relatively higher than other automobiles e.g. Toyota and the fact that they design their curriculums hence any student who successfully finishes his course is likely to be employed by the company. These companies have wide markets for their products and provide health plans for their employees. Working as hourly workers can be quite tedious because of long working hours and quite disappointing when one has to be dismissed from work because of recession. I would like to work for Ford Motor because it offers tremendous benefits to its employees. Besides the health plans, the company offers 10% more than Toyota and General Motors on vacations and pension plans for its employees. Other benefits include paid sick time off, unemployment insurance, 7.65% social security tax and workmans compensation. I would like to work as Mechanical Engineer because it is one of the highly paid fields in the company. To qualify and work as an engineer, I have to undertake an associates degree which comprise of studying Maths, English, Electronics and a Technical training. To further my skills, I would pursue a Mechanical Engineering course in one of the best universities in U.S. Buy custom General Motors and Ford Motor essay

It has been said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly Essay

It has been said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly - Essay Example ...................................... Conclusion............................................................................................................ References It has been said that the UK supermarket sector is an oligopoly Introduction The UK supermarket sector is most definitely properly defined as an oligopoly based on the market structure that guides its business principles, the relevance of the consumer in building business strategy, the level of interdependence between competing supermarket companies, and the sector’s influence in pricing and supply within its market. An oligopoly is defined as â€Å"a market dominated by a small number of participants who are able to collectively exert control over supply and market prices† (investorwords.com, 2011, p.1). It is the interdependency between the few firms, such as Morrison’s and Aldi, that makes this market sector an oligopoly in relation to marketing efforts and pricing structures that drive strateg ic intentions. This paper describes the market characteristics of the supermarket sector in the UK that label these businesses as part of an oligopoly. The market structure All of the major supermarket competitors in the UK maintain a high degree of market share in the foods industry and are affected little by smaller competitors in terms of profitability. An oligopoly is able to affect the market by maintaining this high market share and control by being able to influence pricing negotiations with suppliers who rely on their continued successes in order to, themselves, remain profitable. This is what characterizes an oligopoly when a market is dominated by only a handful of large-scale competitors. In this structure, firms can have either differentiated or non-differentiated products offered to consumers where advertising and marketing objectives characterize one of the most important features related to business strategy and competitive behaviours (Boyes & Melvin, 2005). Why is th is? Supermarkets rely on consumer attitudes and behaviours to ensure they remain profitable which are always subject to fluctuating demand schedules and eating habits. Also based on price, consumers will choose one competitor over another in this market structure which drives the necessity for more innovation in marketing and the routine environmental and competitive analyses required to remain successful and profitable. Under macroeconomic theory, an oligopoly is considered to be the most realistic market structure since there are a diverse range of externalities and internal business behaviours that impact whether the firms gain higher volumes of market share in a local or international region (Boyes & Melvin). These supermarkets in their oligopoly maintain a downward-sloping demand curve where the shape of the curve is directly related to consumer behaviour patterns and the behaviours of competition in relation to strategy, marketing and advertising. This is why the supermarket s ector in the UK is considered the most realistic of market structures as the importance of competitive behaviours and marketing are in-line with contemporary business practices with most non-supermarket organisations. Because of their dominance in this market sector, suppliers are made weak when considering consumer-based commodity products (quickmba.com, 2011) as they rely directly on the purchasing power of the supermarkets to maintain their production levels, adequate staffing and overall operational strategies related to the intent of building higher profitability. This gives

Change & Continuity in Contemporary Business Essay

Change & Continuity in Contemporary Business - Essay Example It also enthused the workforce with renewed vision of the company and provided clarity to them with regard to their roles in the makeover of the organization. Yet, the transformation could be called only a part success since this transformation has not solved the company’s major problem of ageing median age of its customers. The company would be again forced to brainstorm in order to tackle this situation. In the hurry to tackle immediate crisis, it has not made any provision for future market changes. It is yet to act as per the perceived changes in the coming years. Eventually, the report recommends that Harley Davidson should seek its future in newer market segments with new products. Among its employees, it should train and guide a chosen set of people to catch the signs of advancing change in the market scenario and take steps to prepare accordingly. It also recommends the organization to diversify in other automobile segments such as cars and commercial vehicles. As evident from the time bar above, Harley Davidson saw lots of ups and downs before it entered the transformation phase. Harley Davidson, in its early days was the only motorcycle manufacturer in America and ruled the motorcycle market. However, it was caught unawares when foreign entrants flooded the market with innovative, quality and affordable products. The Japanese players catered to newer market segments untapped by Harley. The change in management of the company and the new management’s haste to catch up with the competitors added to the woes of the company which was already suffering from declined market share. The company slumped to its lowest in terms of market share i.e. 23%. It was at this point that few of its managers decided to take over the company. They tried to understand the strengths of the competitors and the weaknesses of their own organization and brought about a fresh insight into work. Under the able leadership

Nursing and Patient Led Intervention Case Study

Nursing and Patient Led Intervention Case Study Doris presented wound to left medial malleolus that has been caused by banging her left leg on fire 6 weeks ago. The wound measures 4 cm x 5 cm, filled 90% slough, 10 % granulation on wound bed and had copious odour to exudate. SMART OUTCOME / OBJECTIVE To reduce the size of Doris’ ulcer from the current 4 cm x 5 cm to 2 cm x 3 cm within 6 weeks. NURSING AND PATIENT LED INTERVENTIONS Introduce yourself to Doris and gain consent. Introducing yourself to patient is respectful, polite and important in providing compassionate care. Nursing Midwifery Council (NMC) (2013) emphasises that patients should voluntarily give their valid consent before any intervention or procedure is undertaken. Furthermore, the NICE (2015) guideline states that part of patient-centred care is providing patients with sufficient information about their condition and encouraging them to participate in healthcare decision-making. Assess Doris’ pain prior to cleaning the wound. To reduce discomfort to patient and to structure the assessment for patient’s dressing-related pain and implement effective management strategies immediately (World Union of Wound Healing Societies, 2014; Hollinworth, 2005). Gou and DiPetro (2010) explain that wound healing involves programmed phases and once interrupted, could lead to impairment and delays in wound healing. However, most healthcare practitioners fail to assess levels of pain before cleaning the wound (Baranoski and Ayello, 2008). When pain is unmanaged, this could lead to complications and delayed wound healing (Hollinworth, 2005). Ask Doris if she has any allergies. It is significant on assessment to find out whether patient has any allergies. It assists in making decisions such as prescribing medications and prevent any further allergic reactions and other complications (NICE, 2015). Perform hand washing using the correct techniques pre and post procedure. Hands should be washed before and after patient contact. Adhering to standard precautions is essential in all aspect of patient care (NMC, 2015). According to Rowley and Clare (2011) proper hand washing before patient contact will prevent the risk of acquiring infections. Infection is the biggest risk that can delay wound healing. It also means your patient will be safe from risk of acquiring cross infections whilst carrying out care (World Health Organisation, 2009). Perform and maintain aseptic non-touch technique for all procedure to wound care. The use of aseptic non touch technique reduces risk of patients acquiring infections. The aseptic non-touch technique is suggested when dressing the wound (WHO, 2009). Rowley and Clare (2011) have stressed that aseptic non-touch technique could reduce the risk of hospital acquired infections. Hence, the use of this technique could help reduce the risk of infecting wound. As stated in the study of Guo and DiPietro (2010), infection could disrupt and delay the process of wound healing. Irrigate wound with saline at room temperature. Irrigation is to clean out the wound. Cleansing removes debris and pathogens. However, one major drawback of this approach is that irrigation may accidentally remove areas of newly granulating tissue, thus will delay healing process (Kerstein, 1994). However, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, 2015) guideline states that necrotic material present in the margins of the wound could be sites for bacterial proliferation and should be removed through debridement. The SIGN (2010) guideline, nevertheless, could not find studies comparing debridement and no debridement in venous ulcer management. The guideline examined a number of debridement methods. Additionally, a prospective, double-blind, randomised controlled trial (RCT) (Weiss et al., 2013) suggests that tap water is as effective as normal saline for wound irrigation. There were no significant differences in the infection rates between wounds that were irrigated with tap water and those irrigated with saline solution. On the other hand, using tap water could be as effective and less costly for wound irrigation. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN, 2010) recommends that leg ulcers should be washed with tap water and dried carefully. Obtain wound swab as needed. Wound cultures is a tool to determine possible infection in the wound bed (NICE, 2012). However, reliability is concerned with consistency and the extent to which results are accurate. There would be a consensus over whether or not to clean the wound before swabbing. Donovan (1998) and Kiernan (1998) all advise irrigation with warmed normal saline to which remove excessive debris and exudate, thus removing surface contamination. Bowler et al (2001) suggest that the laboratory should be informed if the wound is not clean so as to exclude wound contaminants. It must also be noted that antiseptic cleansing solutions must be avoided as the results may be distorted (Cuzzell, 1993; Kiernan, 1998). Assess the wound and document findings on wound assessment chart. Proper wound assessment can significantly influence the intervention and prognosis (NHS, 2014a). In addition to assessment, the patient’s past medical history should also be taken. It allows healthcare practitioners determine the cause of the leg ulcer. The NHS (2014b) states that it is also important to treat the underlying cause of patient’s ulcer to prevent recurring of venous leg ulcer after treatment. Measure Doris wound and take photograph to sit as a baseline for wound care. Measuring wound diameter and taking a photograph would provide information to healthcare practitioners if wound contraction has begun and whether the wound is responding positively to interventions (NICE, 2015). Refer Doris to Tissue Viability Nurse. A specialist nurse such as the tissue viability nurse would help promote wound healing. Tissue viability nurses have extensive knowledge on how to manage acute, chronic or complex wounds (NHS, 2014a). They also provide advice and support for healthcare practitioners, patients and their families or cares (NHS, 2014a; SIGN, 2010). Since they are responsible in supporting wound care management in different healthcare settings, working closely with them would ensure that Doris receive quality care. A tissue viability nurse would also dispense advice on compression bandaging and other interventions to promote wound healing. Dress wound using hydrocolloid dressing. Dressings the wound will create a clean and optimum environment for wound healing (NICE, 2012). Based on the Cochrane Review moist environment promotes wounds to heal more quickly than a dry one (Palfreyman et al, 2006). Meanwhile, wounds left to dry form a scab or eschar which forces migrating epidermal cells to move deeper, prolonging the healing process (Kerstein, 1994). However, it could be argued another drawback of wound dressings that can be sometimes develop sensitivities to ingredients and can be toxic to the wound (Robinson, 2000). Therefore, choice of wound dressings will be dictated by the nature of the wound (Grey, et al, 2006). Wound dressing could be as simple as non-adherent dressing (NHS, 2014a). The NICE (2015) guideline states that there is insufficient evidence to support advanced dressings as more effective than conventional dressings in wound management. Another drawback is caution on removing of an adherent dressing which causes pain and may accidentally remove areas of newly granulating tissue, thus will delay healing process (Kerstein, 1994). Meanwhile, wound like Doris’ that is highly exuding and can be dress and cope with hydrogel dressings to avoid maceration (Jones et al 2006; Kerstein, 1994). Moreover, secondary dressings can be used as well to relieve pain such as hydrocolloid and to absorb more exudate like alginate (NICE, 2012). Educate Doris about the dressings, showering, bathing and how long dressings can be left in place and to contact District Nurse if dressing becomes loose or removed. Patient’s awareness of potential causes of poor/delayed wound healing (Kerstein, 1994). This would enable Doris to receive patient education about wound care and intervention and management. The NICE (2015) guideline states that part of patient-centred care is providing patients with sufficient information about their condition and encouraging them to participate in healthcare decision-making regarding their care. Discourage Doris of rubbing and scratching the wound. Scratching, rubbing and picking the wound can delay healing process and cause further injury to the tissue (Stander et al, 2003). Educate and encourage Doris to eat a balance diet and explain that protein is vital to wound healing and recovery. Optimal nutrition is essential to wounds healing. Informing the patient’s on the importance of good nutrition and improving the patient’s diet if needed is important for good prognosis of wound healing. Educate patient on essential diet for good wound healing e.g. protein (fish, meat, cheeses and eggs) and vitamin c (found in orange juice and vegetables) ( Bale, S and Jones, 2006). According to Dealey (2005) poor wound healing may indicate the patient’s nutritional status needs to be enhanced. If wound healing is poor accompanied by weight loss referral to dietician and prescribing practitioner for further advice and to consider supplemental nutrition for patient. Educate Doris to perform range of exercises whilst sitting. It activates venous pump by mobilising calf’s and feet whilst sitting and improve circulation and aid in wound healing (Callum, 1994). The NHS (2014b) states that it is also important to treat the underlying cause of patient’s ulcer to prevent recurring of venous leg ulcer after treatment. Performing a range of exercise during sitting could help improve wound healing (NHS, 2014b). Give contact number to Doris and instruct to call if there any other concern and arrange follow up visit. Arranging regular follow up to recognise risk factors and prevent further skin breakdown and reduce the risk of recurrence (NICE,2012). Refer Doris for Doppler assessment and for further compression therapy The aim is to identify potential arterial insufficiency that needs treatment and management (NICE, 2012). This will enable to provide information for long term intervention on maintaining integrity of the skin around the wound. Doppler assessment is necessary since this would assist healthcare practitioners in assessing leg ulcers. Although it is not diagnostic of venous ulceration, Doppler assessment could define a safe level for compression bandaging (NICE, 2015; SIGN, 2010). Doppler assessment is also helpful in determining when compression bandaging should not be used or is contraindicated (NICE, 2015). Hence, this assessment remains to be an important tool in reducing tissue damage due to bandage pressure. This type of assessment would provide information on the ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI). If ABPI REFERENCES Bale, S and Jones, V. (2006) Wound Care Nursing: a patient-centred approach (2nd edn). London: Mosby Elsevier. Baranoski, S. Ayello, E. (2008) Wound care essential: Practice Principles. Bowler, PG.,Duerden, BI., Armstrong, DG. (2001) Wound microbiology and associated approaches to wound management. Clin microbial Rev 14:244-69. Callum, N.(1994) The Nursing Management of Leg Ulcers in the Community: A critical Review of Research. University of Liverpool, Department of Nursing, Liverpool. Cuzzell,JZ. (1993) The right way to culture a wound. Am J Nurs 93 (5):48-50. Dealey, C. (2005) The Care of Wounds: a guide for nurses (3rd edn). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Donovan, S. (1998) Wound infection and wound swabbing. Prof Nurse 13:757-9 Gou, S. DiPietro, L. (2010) ‘Factors affecting wound healing’, Journal of Dental Research, 89(3), pp. 219-229. Grey, J.E., Enoch, S. and Harding, K.G. (2006) ABC of wound healing: wound assessment. British Medical Journal 332(7536), 285-288. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1360405/ [Accessed 26 April 2015]. Hollinworth, H. (2005). The management of patients’ pain in wound care. Nursing Standard 20(7), 65-8. Iglesias, C., Nelson, E., Cullum, N. Torgerson, D. (2004) ‘VenUS I: A randomised controlled trial of two types of bandage for treating venous leg ulcers’, Health Technology Assessment, 8(29), pp. 1-105. Jones, V., Grey, J.E. and Harding, K.G. (2006b) ABC of wound healing: wound dressings. British Medical Journal 332(7544), 777-780. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1420733/ [Accessed 26 April 2015]. Kerstein, M. (1994) Overview of wound healing in a moist environment. American Journal of Surgery, 167 (Supp 1a): 25-65 Kiernan,M. (1998) Role of swabbing in wound infection management. Community Nurse 4(6):45-6. Palfreyman, S.J., Nelson, E.A., Lochiel, R. and Michaels, J.A. (2006) Dressings for healing venous leg ulcers (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. Issue 3. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. www.thecochranelibrary.com Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001103.pub2/full [Accessed 26 April 2015]. National Health Service (NHS) (2014a) Venous leg ulcer- Introduction Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Leg-ulcer-venous/Pages/Introduction.aspx [Accessed: 30 April 2015]. National Health Service (NHS) (2014b) Venous leg ulcer- treatment Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Leg-ulcer-venous/Pages/Treatment.aspx [Accessed 30 April 2015]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) (2015) Wound Care Products. London: NICE. NICE (2012) Leg ulcer – venous. Available at: http://cks.nice.org.uk/leg-ulcer-venous [Access 23 April 2015]. NMC (2013) Consent. Nursing and Midwifery Council. Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Regulation-in-practice/Regulation-in-Practice-Topics/consent/ [Accessed 24 March 2015]. NMC (2015) The Code: Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses and midwives. [pdf] London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Available at: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/NMC-Publications/revised-new-NMC-Code.pdf [Accessed 24 March 2015] O’Meara, S., Cullum, N. Nelson, E. (2009) ‘Compression for venous leg ulcers’, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 1:CD000265. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD0000265.pub2. Robinson, B.J. (2000) The use of a hydrofibre dressing in wound management. Journal of Wound Care 9 (1) 32-34 Rowley, S. and Clare, S. (2011) ‘ANTT: A standard approach to aseptic technique’, Nursing Times, 107(36), pp. 12-14. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2010) Management of chronic venous leg ulcers: A national clinical guidelines. Edinburgh: SIGN. Stander S., Steinhoff M., Schmelz M., Weisshaar E., Metze D and Luger T. (2003) Neurophysiology of pruritus: cutaneous elicitation of itch. Arch Dermatol. 139(11):1463–1470. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14623706[Accessed 23 April 2015] Weiss, E., Oldham, G., Lin, M., Foster, T. and Quinn, J. (2013) ‘Water is a safe and effective alternative to sterile normal saline for wound irrigation prior to suturing: A prospective, double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical trial’, BMJ Open, 3(1). Pii: e001504. Doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001504 Available at: http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/1/e001504.long [Accessed 30 April 2015]. World Health Organisation (2009) WHO Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241597906_eng.pdf [Accessed 30 April 2015]. World Union of Wound Healing Societies (2004) Principles of best practice: Minimising pain at wound dressing-related procedures. A consensus document. London: MEP Ltd. Available at: http://www.wuwhs.org. [Accessed 26 April 2015].

Facilitating Learning and Assessment in Registered Nurse Practice Essay

In this portfolio I intend to expose the requirement of PP0127 of the process of facilitating learning and develop the skills of assessment as a registered nurse in the clinical practice. Mentoring is a development skill that offers a chance to deliver skill and knowledge by educating new students without any expectations and fears as mention by Huang & Lynch, (1995). I have been in the nursing industry for the past 4 years as a registered nurse. I am working in dialysis unit department as well knows private hospital that has been established for 27 years in Southeast Asia. I has been completed my diploma in nursing in year 2010 as recognized by Malaysia Minister of Government and commenced profession in year 2011. Being one of the senior nurses within my department, I am in charge of orientation of the dialysis department as well as the Environment Safety Health guidelines for the newly employed registered nurse in dialysis unit department. My nurse manager was assigned me to supervise a new registered nurse Miss Rina (pseudonym) in my department. She was graduated from nursing college in year 2013. Rina aged is 21 years old and originated from Malaysia (Appendix 1). Rina is under the mentorship of myself on the track for learning, new skill and establish better practical knowledge of the department. Rina was required to enhance her skills and knowledge in preparation of extracorporeal circuit for hemodialysis (Fresenius machine). A learning contract was also signed by Rina for consent of monitoring assessment (Appendix 2). Identifying Learning Needs, Planning and Managing Students Experiences Honey and Mumford (1992) in their adaptation of Kolb suggested four learning styles which recognized as activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist in accordance with four-stage learning cycle of having an experience, reflecting on it, drawing applying the lessons learned. Therefore, Rina’s performance was observed prior to the provision of the program period. Rina learns was identified as a reflector learning styles. It is mean reflectors learn through observation, and by thinking about what they have observed, and constructing meaning through the process of the reflection. Specifically, it is expected that at the end of this provision period Rina would be able to: Understand and explain about the procedure Extracorporeal circuit is prepared under aseptic technique Visible air and sterilant are completely removed from the extracorporeal circuit. To provide safe delivery of patients care by ensuring Scope This procedure shall be carried out by clinical staff who have successfully completed the ‘Introduction to Renal Dialysis’ course certified competent Learning outcomes Outline the principles of prepared Extracorporeal circuit Outline the roles and responsibilities of the learner in prepared Extracorporeal circuit Demonstrate competency in prepared Extracorporeal circuit According to Furzard (1995), facilitator is reflected by coaching a learner in positive way to develop the process of teaching in their clinical placement. Mentors are being encouraged to use different way of technique to the learners, so that learners will more crucial and show interest to learn the procedure. It will also make learners to be systematically in the learning process Lister (1990). Fundamentally, as a mentor, I need to apply some theories and principles, to be able to plan and deliver a good lesson for Rina. Therefore, the knowledge will able to meet Rina’s needs and help her to achieve her goals. One of the most powerful theories is Maslow’s hierarchy of basic needs (1962) about motivation (Appendix 3). It is make me understand that my Rina will give up if learning is not take place in the appropriated manner without motivation. Motivation in the work place is important for Rina to achieve her goals. Besides that, physical environment is also important area in facilitating of learning in clinical practice. The process of teaching environment will be arranged in the clinical practice to decrease barriers between mentor and learners (Quinn, 1995). Through these, explanations, discussions and questioning, discussions will be beneficial for Rina to extending her skill and knowledge to perform well in the clinical practice. In these situations both of feel more comfortable and freedom to ask questions and talk openly to clarify the doubts. According to Rogers (1969), the demonstration skills are important within the clinical practice, so that learners will be profession in their skills. I also provided the method of how to prepared the Extracorporeal circuit, and  demonstrate the procedure to Rina. Bloom’s Taxonomy was created in 1956 under the leadership of educational psychologist Dr. Benjamin Bloom in order to promote higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating, rather than just remembering facts (rote learning). The committee identified three domains of educational activities or learning (cognitive, affective and psychomotor) (Bloom, 1956). This learning helps Rina to develop her knowledge, attitude and skills. According these principles, a learning plan was done in the four weeks’ time (01/01/2014 to 31/01/2014). This is guarantee that appropriate time is provided to Rina to learn and complete the procedure gradually in the due time (Appendix 4). Facilitating Learning and Assessment An orientation program was conducted with Rina to make her feel comfortable and explain the plan about what are the expectations, responsibilities and attitude throughout the assessment. It is helps Rina to reduce her stress and anxiety. As a mentor, I will be providing her more confident and responsible to guide learners to avoid doing errors (Jeffery E.Auerbach). Rina has her basic knowledge on dialysis. Her requirements that she needs to achieved in her provision period was: To provide safe delivery of patients care by ensuring Definition of priming extracorporeal Why extracorporeal prepared under aseptic technique Why visible air and sterilant are completely removed from the extracorporeal circuit Complications if present of sterilant in extracorporeal According to Tomlinson, C. A. (1999), learners are will be act more effectively by visualize, perceiving and feel the sensations while performing procedure. Learners will be learning new things every day and gaining experience in daily activities. Visual learner is a learning style that easy to understand the contents from the aids and organizers. Rina was benefits from visual aid as a visual learner. Therefore, learning subjects like ideas, concepts, data, mind mapping and other information are related with images and techniques were presented via slide show to facilitate Rina’s learning. The teaching methods described by Collins and colleagues in the ‘cognitive apprenticeship model’ (Collins et al. 1989) are highly  specific and designed to foster situated learning and thus can be assumed to enhance learning in clinical practice. Collins et al. (1989) proposed six teaching methods promoting situated learning by helping students to acquire both cognitive and meta-cognitive skills and focus their observation of expert performance in practice so as to facilitate the development of their own problem-solving skills. Additionally, these methods foster the autonomy of students’ learning processes by encouraging students to formulate personal learning goals. In this study we will explore the use of the six teaching methods (modeling, coaching, scaffolding, articulation, reflection, and exploration) of the cognitive apprenticeship model as well as the role of the learning climate. As mention by Albert Bandura, learning is a process of observing people’s attitude and trained to develop learners as a role model in future. Apart from that, learners will be captured by listening and observing of the performance in their clinical practice as a learning point to achieve their goals. Rina’s attitude was identified by visualized and perform the job skills before carried out a task. This learning method was given a positive perception for her because visual learners are expert at observing and perceiving details. During the assessment periods, Rina was required to observe my demonstrations of the procedure, how to prepare the correct technique of preparation of extracorporeal circuit (Appendix 5). The process of learning as a mentor will be develop by understanding and gaining information of the procedure before task has been performed to the learners. Therefore, learners will be more confident and awareness to handle the procedure appropriately. Mentors are inspiring to be attentive to identify learners learning skills before guidance’s are being carried out, therefore difference types of learners has different type of learning skills that are be performed during working environment. Besides that, by observing learners performances through demonstration will be identify their understanding of the procedure. To be an effective mentor, mentors are encouraged to be prepared as a role model to a learner as suggested by Eric Parsloe, (1999). Rina was required to implement the procedure accurately after the demonstrations were given by me. These demonstration practices will be emphasize to develop her skills. It is also encourage and motivate her with adequate knowledge, thought process and supportive environment. Scaffolding has been defined by Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976) as an â€Å"adult  controlling those elements of the task that are essentially beyond the learner’s capacity, thus permitting him to concentrate upon and complete only those elements that are within his range of competence. This method are supporting as well as providing comfort for Rina throughout the practice training. Learners are encouraged to think critical thinking and to clarify their doubt clearly in their professional as they will be prioritized on their learning practice and speak clearly to understand their needs. These critical thinking process will be enhance challenging for learners to interconnect their learning and procedure as they hands on with real equipment as mention by Chitty, (2001). As a mentor I arranged some questioning section for Rina to stimulating and clear her doubts better understanding. According to Bulman & Schutz (2008), mentor and learners are reflected by experiences one other to evaluated their performance in daily and upcoming practices for improvement. Through reflection, I was identified Rina’s strengths and weaknesses. It will be beneficially for me to make effectively and competently to guide Rina to improve and develop her skills as a professional registered nurse during the training periods. Kolb’s experiential learning theory offers the career counselor a meta-model with which to structure career exploration exercises and ensure a thorough investigation of self and the world of work in a manner that provides the client with an optimal amount of learning and personal development. During the third week of Rina’s training program, Rina was required to assist the senior registered nurse in preparing extracorporeal circuit. By this way encouraging Rina to implement her skills and providing safe deliver care. Rina’s performance was observed by me and another senior registered nurse to determine if she is able to handle and solve problem independently. While assessment, both formative and summative assessment were completely to assess the outcomes of learning skill of Rina. Instantly, competency checklist is important for learners to evaluate their level of understanding of the procedure so that learner will be more conscious on what they have being thought to perform according to the procedure as suggested by Yorke, (2003). Formative assessment is a feedback process of given an opportunity to demonstrate Rina’s learning. It is because to determine me to evaluate her response of the knowledge and skills that she received, and make adjustments i n learning plans for Rina in identifies areas need improvement  (Appendix 6). Through the assessment, Rina will be observed to see whether she successfully complete and was able to perform the required responsibilities by performing correct procedures (Appendix 7). Summative assessment is to finalize the feedback and evidence based of learning for learners to complete their assignments which has been thought in their learning process by Hanna & Dettmer, (2004). Summative assessment is evaluation of Rina at the end of the training program to identify the outcome of the program. By this summative assessment, I know the level of Rina understands about performing the procedure. These assessments include an exam (Appendix 8). That examines to grade Rina’s skill on preparing extracorporeal circuit, as well as her ability in the knowledge. Rina will repeat the assessment that she failed to make sure the important skills and knowledge are required at the end of the training program. Providing Ongoing Support and Guidance The Vygotsky, (1978) suggested that, zones of proximal development (ZPD) are identified that, real development progress by each and individually in their career. Mentor will be encouraging to involved learners to resolve problem solving by independently when learner occurs difficult time so that learner will be have a chance to experiences in their lesson. Besides that it also enhances to be a team work among colleagues and proficient on career. Furthermore, by using these techniques of learning Rina will be developing skills and approach through effective ways. Hereafter, it is comfort for Rina to be more confident to proceed the procedure of preparing extracorporeal circuit without any nervous or anxiety throughout the training and after the provision period also. During the provision period, I and Rina meet twice a week for discuss about the problems that she encounter and need further help to improve herself in performing the procedure. On this meeting time, the things of discussion were recorded as mention above (Appendix 4). Additionally, a senior registered nurse Dolly (pseudonym), with 10 years’ experience in dialysis unit department was assigned as Rina’s co-mentor, for the reason that Rina can look for her assistance when I am not around. In Kimble’s original definition he states that behavioral potentiality in learning occurs as a result of reinforced practice (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Learning is a difficult definition to state because  learning is only observable through behavioral changes. Because learning cannot be observed if there is no change in behavior, the definition must contain and emphasize the need for behavioral change and in the textbook’s definition it stresses the importance of experience but leaves the theorist to specify the kind of experience he deems necessary to his research (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Behavior is a key component when discussing the learning process. Without changes in behavior it is nearly impossible to document or record that learning has taken place. Olson and Hergenhahn claim that, the change, based on the definition given, must also be relatively permanent and must result from experience (2009). Thus, I believe that Rina will be able to learn from Dolly by observing how she performs the procedure by her way. Rina also had some discussion with Dolly to clarify her doubts. Through these Rina can improves her skills and perform well with confident. Furthermore, Dolly and I support and guide Rina in the practice area by assessing, evaluating and give positive feedback whenever she do the mistakes in her procedure to encourage her to achieved the knowledge, skills and to make improvements to promote her progress. This is one the framework to support learning and assessment in practice for Rina. Summary of Personal and Professional Development in Mentorship In the conclusion, I have confidence in that I and Rina have benefited throughout the assessment period. Rina was successfully accomplished her target to developing skills and knowledge in the assessment. According to David A Stoddard (2009), â€Å"mentoring involves helping others to discover and pursue their passions, recognize and deal with their pain and sort out their priorities. More than a sound business practice, mentoring is really a stewardship issue. It’s an opportunity to give of ourselves – our experiences, our expertise, and our gifts- and take advantage of opportunities to help someone be all that they can be.† I understand that mentoring is a challenging process for both of us, me as a mentor and for Rina as a learner to teaching and assessing her throughout the provision period. These mentoring processes identify my strength and weakness to progress my personal and professional development in career. Throughout the assessment period I have extended my knowledge and understand how to become a good mentor and has confident to guide learners in different methods for  my future students. I have also known various assessment and teaching strategies through the aspects of NMC standards. Further that, being a mentor is a good opportunity for me to identify my skills and knowledge in my department. It is helps me to developing my skills and knowledge as mentor role. In future, I as a mentor will be more confident in teaching my learner.